The earliest form of Kebaya believed was originates in the court of the 15th century Javanese Majapahit Kingdom, as a way to blend the existing female Kemban, torso wrap of the noble women, to be more modest and acceptable. During the last period of Majapahit kingdom, Islamic influence began to develop in coastal Javanese towns, thus there was a need to adapt the Javanese fashion to the newly followed Islam religion. The customized blouse, often made from delicate sheer fabrics, were worn over kemban torso cover to cover the back, shoulders and arms, in order for court girls to appear more modest. Aceh, Riau and Johor Kingdoms and Northern Sumatra adopted the Javanese style kebaya as a means of social expression of status with the more alus or refined Javanese overlords.The name of Kebaya as a particular clothing type was noted by the Portuguese when they landed in Indonesia. Kebaya is associated with a type of shirt worn by Indonesian women in 15th or sixteenth century. Prior to 1600, kebaya on Java island were considered as a reserved clothing to be worn only by royal family, aristocrats (bangsawan) and minor nobility, within an era when peasant as well as many women walked publicly bare-chested.A good elderly Sundanese woman putting on simple kebaya, kain batik and batik headcloth, Western Java.Later on, the kebaya also being adopted by commoners, the peasant women in Java. Up to this day in countryside agricultural villages of Coffee, farmer women still uses simple kebaya, especially among elderly women. The daily kebaya worn by peasant were of simple materials and secured with simple pin or peniti (safety pin).Slowly it naturally spread to neighbouring areas through trade, diplomacy and social interactions to Malacca, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and the Sultanate of Sulu and Mindanao.[4][5][6] Javanese kebaya as known today were noted by Stamford Raffles in 1817, as being of silk, brocade and velvet, with the main opening of the blouse fastened by brooches, rather than button and button-holes within the torso wrap kemben, the kain — an unstitched wrap material several metres long, wrongly termed sarong in British (a sarung, Malaysian accentuate: sarong) which is sewed to form a pipe.After hundreds of years of regional acculturation, the garments have become highly localized expressions of ethnic culture, artistry and tailoring customs.The earliest photographics proof of the kebaya as known today date from 1857 of Javanese, Peranakan and Orientalist stylesCostume componentsJavanese kebaya dark silk secured with kerongsang brooch, and kain batik as skirtThe quintessential kebaya is the Javanese kebaya as known today is essentially unchanged as noted by Raffles in 1817. It contains the blouse (kebaya) of cotton, silk, lace, brocade or velvet, with the central opening of the blouse fastened by a core brooch (kerongsang) where the flaps of the shirt meet, wore over kain.Kebaya blouseThe shirt is commonly semi-transparent and traditionally worn over the torso wrap or kemben. Kebaya blouse can be tailored tight-fitting or loose-fitting, made from various materials, from cotton or velvet, to fine silk, exquisite lace and brocade, desorated with stitching or glittering sequins. Today, the undergarment use under kebaya usually either corset, bra or camisole with matching colour. The more guaranteed modest undergarment wore by common community women, usually elderly women, is called kutang, which is a bra-like undergarment created from cotton.Kerongsang broochTraditional kebaya had no buttons down the front side. To secure the shirt openings in the front, a decorative metal brooch is applied on the upper body. It can be made from brass, iron, silver or gold, decorated with semi-precious stones. A normal three-piece kerongsang is composed of a kerongsang ibu (mother piece) that is larger and heavier than the other two kerongsang anak (child piece). Kerongsang brooch often made from gold necklaces and considered as the indication of social status of aristocracy, wealth and nobility, however for commoners and peasant women, simple and simple kebaya often only attached with modest safety pin number (peniti).Kain sarong or skirtKain is a long decorated clothes wrapped around the hips, guaranteed with rope and wore as a kind of sarong or skirt. The particular skirt or kain is an unstitched fabric wrap around three metres long. The word sarong in The english language is erroneous, the sarung (Malaysian accent: sarong) is actually stitched together to form a tube, kain is unstitched, requires a helper to dress (literally wrap) the wearer and is held in place with a string (tali), then folded this string at the waist, then held with a belt (sabuk or ikat pinggang), which may hold a ornamental pocket. In Java, Bali and Sunda, the kain is commonly batik which may be from simple stamped cotton to elaborately hand-painted batik tulis stitched silk with gold line. In Lampung, the kain is the traditional tapis, an elaborate gold-thread stitched ikat with small mica discs.[9] Sumatra, Flores, Lemata Timor, and other islands commonly use kain of ikat or songket. Sumba is famous for kain decorated with lau hada: shells and beads.
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